![]() Today, there are many imitations, but the BD Vacutainer remains a world leader in centrifuge tubes. The Vacutainer was developed by Becton Dickinson (BD) in 1949 and is a registered trademark of the company. Tubes with screw caps, or rubber stoppers, ones made of plastic or ones made of glass, the list goes on and on! However, the plastic Vacutainer is probably the most common tube used in a centrifuge, particularly in a hospital environment. There are a variety of different tubes that can be spun in a centrifuge. In this month’s blog, we take closer look at the different types of centrifuge tubes available and how to determine which one is right for you. ![]() With a myriad of different laboratory tubes available in the market, it can be confusing. Ultrasonic Disintegrators & Accessories.Ultrasonic disintegrators and accessories.Using the cheesecloth, the paste was filtered into a cold 50ml beaker. The remaining paste consisting of the cold chloroplast isolation buffer and the spinach in the mortar was then extracted using a spatula and placed on a cheesecloth. Thc covered sample was then labelled as sample 1. The drop was then placed on the slide of a microscope and a coverslip used to cover the liquid. A drop was extracted from the resulting paste using a dropper. After the buffer was added in the mortar, the mixture was ground continuously into a paste. An additional 10ml of cold chloroplast isolation buffer was measured using a 10 mL dro pper and added to the ground mixture in the mortar. The spinach leaves and chloroplast isolation buffer mixture was then ground in to a paste. Using a dropper, 10ml of cold chloroplast isolation buffer was measured and added to the spinach in the mortar. After this was done, the spinach leaves were placed in a mortar. Three spinach leaves were obtained and all the large central stalks and veins were removed using forceps to ensure there was no difficulty in grinding. The first exercise involved encriching chloroplasts located in spinach leaves and extracting them. The first exercise was conducted as described below. The first execise was conducted to achieve chloroplast enrichment while the second measured the chloroplast’s relative redox activity. The experiment was conducted in two exercises. Reagents used in the experiment included 3 spinach leaves, cold chloroplast isolation buffer, DCPIP, reaction buffer, and distilled water. The laboratory experiment utilised the following apparatus test tubes, test tube rack, marker, pestle and mortar, 50ml beakers, 50 mL centrifuge, 50 mL test tube, 10mL droppers, forceps, spatula, cheesecloth, micropipette, a microscope, microscope slides spectrophotometer, and a stopwatch. This allows the level of DCPIP decrease to be calculated. A spectrophotometer is used in this test to measure the change in the amount of light that is absorbed at a wavelength of 590 nm. This will be demonstrated by the reaction below: H20 + DCPIPox light ½ O2 + 2H+ + DCPIPred The oxidized form of DCPIP is a dark blue color, while the reduced form has no discernible hue. For the purpose of this activity, the oxidized form of DCPIP (2,6- dichlorophenol indophenol) will accept two electrons per molecule from photosystem II. In vitro investigation of the process is possible if an electron acceptor is present. There are two photosystems in the chloroplast thylakoid membrane, and light is what drives electron transport through them. The goal here is to rule out the possibility of a reduction in absorbance brought on by the lowering of DCPIP brought about by electron donors that are not involved in photosynthesis. This is because DCPIP can also be reduced by high-energy electrons. Since DCPIP can also be reduced by high-energy electrons coming from other sources, it is necessary for the calculations that give a measure of photosynthetic activity to be based on the changes in absorbance that occur between the samples that are illuminated and those that are kept in the dark. It does this by taking electrons and hydrogen ions from plastoquinone, which is one of the components of the chloroplastic electron transfer chain, which is located within the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts. DCPIP, in either of its forms, is hydrophobic and has the ability to insinuate itself into cellular membranes. An indication of redox reactions, DCPIP is reduced by the addition of two electrons and two hydrogen ions to each of its molecules.
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